Lessons and Fairy Tales

HISTORY OF INDONESIA 3

Timeline of European colonialization in Indonesia

Spanish Colonialization

>1521 Spain lands in North Sulawesi

>1560 Spain set up post in Manado.

>1617 Minahasa popular resistance movement in North Sulawesi to expel Spanish colonial.

>1646 Spain expelled from Minahasa and North Sulawesi. The following year the Spanish still tried to influence the surrounding kingdoms to recapture Minahasa but failed, most recently by supporting Bolaang Mongondow which ended in 1692.

Portuguese Colonialization1509 - 1520

}1509 Portuguese arrive first time in Melaka.

}1511 April, Portuguese Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque sets sail from Goa to Melaka.

}10 August, Albuquerque forces take control of Melaka.

The Sultan of Malacca, Mahmud Syah fled to Riau.

The Portuguese in Malacca destroyed the fleet of the Demak sultanate in Java.

Pati Unus reigns in Jepara.

In December, Albuquerque sent three ships under Antonio de Abreu from Melaka to venture east.

}1512 De Abreu expedition trip from Melaka to Madura, Bali, Lombok, Aru and Banda.

Two ships damaged in Banda. Da Breu returned to Melaka; Francisco Serrao repaired the ship and proceeded to Ambon, Ternate, and Tidore. Serrao offered support for Ternate in his dispute with Tidore, his troops establishing a Portuguese outpost in Ternate.

}1513 Troops from Jepara and Palembang attacked the Portuguese in Melaka, but were repulsed. In March, the Portuguese sent an ambassador to the King of Sunda in Pajajaran. The Portuguese were allowed to build a fort in Sunda Kelapa (now Jakarta).

}Portuguese contacts King of the Air, son of Girindrawardhana and ruler of the former kingdom of Majapahit

}Portuguese built factories in Ternate and Bacan.Udara attacked Demak with help from King Klungkung of Bali.

}The Majapahit forces were repulsed, but Sunan Ngudung was killed in battle. Many of the Majapahit supporters fled to Bali.

}1514 Ali Mughayat Syah founded the Sultanate of Aceh, and became the first Sultan of Aceh.

}1515Portuguese first arrive in Timor.

}1518Sultan Mahmud of Melaka took power in Johor.Raden Patah died; Pati Unus became Sultan of Demak.

}1520Aceh begins to take control of the northeast coast of Sumatra.

The Balinese attacked Lombok.

Portuguese traders began to visit Flores and Solor.

Banjar in Kalimantan became an Islamic Sultanate.

1521 – 1530

}1521Unus leads a fleet of Demak and Cirebon against the Portuguese in Melaka.

Unus was killed in battle. 

Trenggono became Sultan of Demak.Portuguese seized Pasai in Sumatra; Gunung Jati (from Cirebon) left Pasai to leave for Mecca.

The last ship of the Magellan expedition around the world sailed between the islands of Lembata and Pantar in Nusa Tenggara.

}1522February Portuguese expedition under De Brito arrived in Banda.May, De Brito expedition arrived in Ternate, built a Portuguese fortress.

The Sunda kingdom, which is still Hindu, asked the Portuguese for help to deal with the possible Muslim attack of Demak.

A cooperation contract was signed and a padrao was established in Sunda Kalapa

Remains of Magellan's expedition around the world visiting Timor.

The Portuguese built a fort in Hitu, Ambon.

}1523

Gunungjati returned from Mecca, returned to Cirebon, and settled in Demak, marrying the sister of Sultan Trenggono.

}1524

Gunungjati of Cirebon and his son Hasanuddin (in Banten) conducted open and secret preaching in West Java to weaken the Sunda Kingdom which was capital city in Pajajaran and its alliance with the Portuguese.

The local government in Banten, which had been dependent on Pajajaran, converted to Islam and joined the Cirebon and Demak parties.

Aceh captured Pasai and Pedir in North Sumatra.

} 1525

- Hasanuddin (from Banten}, the son of Gunungjati (from Cirebon), did dawah in Lampung.

• 1526

the Portuguese built the first fortress in Timor.

• 1527

- Demak conquered Kediri, the Hindu remnants of the Majapahit kingdom; the Sultans of Demak claimed to be Majapahit's successor; Sunan Kudus participated.

- Demak took Tuban.

cirebon, assisted by Demak, occupied Sunda Kelapa, the port of the Kingdom of Sunda. Fatahillah changed its name to Jayakarta. (This success is said thanks to the leadership of “Fatahillah”—or, in accordance with the Portuguese speech error, the, “Falatehan”—but perhaps this is the name given to Sunan Gunungjati of Cirebon) The security guards of the port of the Kingdom of Sunda were pushed back leaving the coastal area. Thus the construction of a warehouse or fort according to the trade agreement between the Portuguese and the Kingdom of Sunda was canceled.

the Palakaran Kingdom in Madura, based in Arosbaya (now Bangkalan), became Islam under Kyai Pratanu.

expedition from Spain and Mexico attempted to expel the Portuguese from the Moluccas.

• 1529

- Demak conquers Madiun.

the Kings of Spain and Portugal agreed that Maluku should belong to Portugal, and the Philippines belong to Spain.

• 1530

salahuddin became Sultan of Aceh.

surabaya and Pasuruan fell to Demak. Demak captured Blambangan, the last Hindu kingdom at the eastern end of Java.

gowa began to expand from Makassar.

- Banten expanded his influence over Lampung.

1531 – 1540

• 1536

the Portuguese attack on Johor.

- Antonio da Galvao became governor of the Portuguese outpost at Ternate; establishing a Portuguese outpost at Ambon.

portuguese brought Sultan Tabariji of Ternate to Goa for suspecting him of anti-Portuguese activities, replacing him with his brothers.

• 1537

the Aceh attack on Melaka failed. Saladin of Aceh was succeeded by Alaudin Riayat Syah I.

• 1539

Aceh attacked the Batak tribe in their south.

• 1540

portuguese is related to Gowa.

- Sultanate of Butung established.

1541 – 1550

• 1545

- Demak conquers Malang. Gowa built a fort in Ujung Pandang.

• 1546

- Demak attacked Blambangan but failed.

trenggono of Demak died and was replaced by Prawata. His son-in-law, Joko Tingkir expanded his influence from Pajang (near present-day Sukoharjo).

- st. Francis Xavier went to Morotai, Ambon, and Ternate.

• 1547

aceh attacked Malacca.

• 1550

1551 – 1560

• 1551

johor attacked the Malacca Portuguese with help from Jepara.

- Forces from Ternate controlled the Sultanate of Jailolo in Halmahera with Portuguese help.

• 1552

al-Hasanuddin broke away from Demak and founded the Sultanate of Banten, then captured Lampung for the new Sultanate.

aceh sent ambassadors to Suleiman I, the Ottoman Sultan of Istanbul.

• 1558

leiliato led an army from Ternate to attack the Portuguese in Hitu.

portuguese build fort in Bacan.

- Ki Ageng Pemanahan received the Mataram district from Joko Tinggir, ruling in Pajang.

smallpox outbreak in Ternate.

• 1559

portuguese missionaries landed in Timor. Khairun became Sultan of Ternate.

• 1560

the Portuguese established a mission and trading post at Panarukan, in the eastern tip of Java.

spain set up post in Manado.

1561 – 1570

• 1561

sultan Prawata of Demak has died.

the Portuguese Dominican Mission was founded in Solor.

• 1564

smallpox outbreak in Ambon.

• 1565

aceh attacked Johor.

kutai in Kalimantan became Islam.

• 1566

the Portuguese Dominican Mission at Solor built a stone fortress.

• 1568

failed attack by Aceh in Portuguese Malacca.

• 1569

the Portuguese built a wooden fortress on the island of Ambon.

• 1570

aceh attacked Johor again, but failed.

sultan Khairun of Ternate signed a peace treaty with the Portuguese, but the next day he was poisoned. Portuguese agents were suspected of doing so. Baabullah became Sultan (until * 1583), and vowed to drive the Portuguese out of their fortresses.

maulana Yusuf became Sultan of Banten.

1571 – 1580

• 1571

alaudin Riyat Shah died, chaos in Aceh until 1607.

• 1574

jepara led a failed attack in Malacca.

• 1575

sultan Babullah expelled the Portuguese from Ternate. The Portuguese built a fort at Tidore.

• 1576

the Portuguese built a fortress in the present-day city of Ambon.

• 1577

- Ki Ageng Pemanahan founded Kota Gede (near present day Yogyakarta).

• 1579

- Banten attacked and destroyed Pajajaran captured the remnants of the Sunda Kingdom, and made it Islam. The last Sundanese king who refused to embrace Islam, Prabu Ragamulya or Prabu Suryakancana, left the capital of the Sunda Kingdom and died on the run in the Banten area.

november, Sir Francis Drake of Britain, after attacking Spanish ships and ports in America, arrives in Ternate. Sultan Babullah, who also hated the Spaniards, entered into a friendship treaty with the British.

• 1580

maulana Muhammad became Sultan of Banten.

portugal fell into the hands of the Spanish empire; the Portuguese colonial efforts were ignored.

- Drake visited Sulawesi and Java, on his way back to Britain.

-Ternate master the Butung.

• 1581

around this time, Kyai Ageng Pemanahan took over the district of Mataram (which had been promised to him by Joko Tingkir, who delayed him until Sunan Kalijaga of Wali Songo urged him), changing his name to Kyai Gedhe Mataram.

• 1584

sutawijaya succeeded his father Kyai Gedhe Mataram as the local government of Mataram, ruling from Kota Gede.

• 1585

the Sultan of Aceh sent a letter to Elizabeth I of Britain.

a Portuguese ship sent to build a fort and mission in Bali was shipwrecked just off the coast.

• 1587

- Sutawijaya defeated Pajang and Joko Tingkir died; the lineage turned to Sutawijaya. Mount Merapi erupted.

portuguese in Melaka attack Johor.

portuguese sign peace treaty with Sultan of Aceh.

sir Thomas Cavendish of Britain visits Java.

• 1588

- Sutawijaya changed its name to Senopati; captured Pajang and Demak.

• 1590

- The original village of Medan was established.

1591 – 1659

• 1591

the Venopaths took Madiun, then Kediri.

sir James Lancaster of Britain arrived in Aceh and Penang, but his mission failed.

the Ternate attacked the Portuguese in Ambon.

• 1593

the Ternate besieged the Portuguese in Ambon again.

• 1595

april 2, Dutch expedition under De Houtman departs for the Dutch East Indies.

- The Duriansyah made Banjar in Kalimantan a Sultanate (later Banjarmasin).

portuguese build fort at Ende, Flores.