Lessons and Fairy Tales

HISTORY OF INDONESIA 2

Colonial era

Portuguese and Spanish Colonization

Afonso (sometimes also written Alfonso) de Albuquerque. Because of this figure, which made the archipelago area at that time known by Europeans and the start of the colonization of centuries by the Portuguese along with other Europeans, especially Britain and the Netherlands—and Spain in a short time.

It was from the Tajo River that emptied into the Atlantic Ocean that the Portuguese fleet sailed the Atlantic Ocean, which may take a month to three months, passing through the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, towards the Straits of Malacca. From here the exploration continued to the Maluku Islands to find spices, a commodity equivalent to gold at that time.

”In the 16th century when the adventure began usually the sailors of the Catholic country were blessed by the priest and king before sailing through the Tagus River,” Teresa said. The Monastery of St Jeronimus or the Abbey of Jeronimos in Portuguese was founded by King Manuel in 1502 at the place where Vasco da Gama began his adventure to the east.

The Maritime Museum or Portuguese call the Museu de Marinha was founded by King Luis on July 22, 1863 to honor Portuguese maritime history.

In addition to sculptures in the park, paintings of Afonso de Albuquerque are also in the museum's collection. Under the painting it says, ”Governor of India 1509-1515. The foundation of the Portuguese Empire in India was based in Ormuz, Goa, and Malacca. Pioneer of sea power policy as the central power of kingdom”. Various Portuguese trade goods are also on display at the museum, even mounds of pepper or pepper.

There are a number of motivations as to why the Portuguese Empire embarked on an adventure to the east. Islamic historian and archaeologist Uka Tjandrasasmita in the book Indonesia-Portugal: Five Hundred Years of Historical Relationship (Cepesa, 2002), quotes a number of historians, as follows, mentioning there is not only one motivation for the Portuguese Kingdom to come to Asia. That expansion may be summarized in three Portuguese words, feitoria, fortaleza, and igreja. Its literal meaning is gold, glory, and church or trade, military domination, and the spread of Catholicism.

According to Uka, Albuquerque, the Second Portuguese Governor of Estado da India, the Portuguese Empire in Asia, was the main architect of Portuguese expansion into Asia. From Goa, he led a direct expedition to Malacca and arrived there in early July 1511 carrying 15 large and small ships and 600 soldiers. He and his army defeated Malacca on 10 August 1511. Since then the Portuguese controlled the spice trade from Asia to Europe. After conquering Malacca, a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio de Abreu reached Maluku, the center of spices.

Portuguese colonization period in the archipelago

In the period 1511-1526, for 15 years, Nusantara became an important maritime port for the Portuguese Empire, which regularly became a maritime route to the islands of Sumatra, Java, Banda, and Maluku.

In 1511 the Portuguese defeated the Malacca Kingdom.

In 1522, the Portuguese arrived at the Port of Sunda to sign a trade agreement with the King of Sunda. The trade agreement was entered into on 21 August 1522. On the same day an inscription was built called the Sunda-Portugal Treaty Inscription somewhere that is currently the corner of Jalan Cengkih and Jalan Kali Besar Timur I, West Jakarta. With this agreement, the Portuguese were allowed to build a warehouse or fort in Sunda Kelapa.

In 1512, Afonso de Albuquerque sent an expedition of two ships and a caravel under Antonio de Abreu to search the spice islands.

The presence of Portuguese in the waters and islands of Indonesia has left traces of history that until today is still maintained by local communities in the archipelago, especially flores, Solor and Maluku. In Jakarta, there is Kampong Tugu located between Kali Cakung, Cilincing beach, and Marunda land. The villagers called themselves "the Portuguese" and believed that they were descended from the Portuguese.

The first Europeans to discover Maluku were the Portuguese, in 1512. At that time 2 Portuguese fleets, each under the leadership of Anthoni d'Abreu and Francisco Serau, respectively, after they established friendships with local residents and kings - such as with the Kingdom of Ternate on the island of Ternate, the Portuguese were given permission to establish a fort in Pikaoli, it is located between the Old Land and Mamala on the present-day Ambon Island. But the trade relations of spices did not last long, because the Portuguese implemented a monopoly system while spreading Christianity.

One of the most famous missionaries was Francis Xavier. Arrived in Ambon in 1546, then continued the journey to Ternate.Portuguese friendship and Ternate ended in 1570. At the end of 1575, the Portuguese surrendered to Sultan Babullah.

The Dutch position in Maluku became stronger with the establishment of the VOC in 1602, and since then the Dutch became the sole ruler in Maluku. Under the leadership of Jan Pieterszoon Coen, VOC Chief of Operations, clove trading in Maluku was under VOC control for nearly 350 years. For this purpose the VOC did not hesitate to drive out its competitors; the Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Even tens of thousands of Moluccans were victims of VOC brutality.

Then they built a fort in Ternate in 1511, then in 1512 built a Fort in Amurang, North Sulawesi. The Portuguese lost the war with Spain and North Sulawesi was ceded to Spanish rule (1560 to 1660). The Portuguese Empire was then united with the Spanish Empire. (Read book: The History of Portuguese Colonial in Indonesia, by David DS Lumoindong). In the 17th century came the VOC (Netherlands) trading fleet which then managed to expel the Portuguese from Ternate, so the Portuguese retreated and controlled East Timor (since 1515).

Colonialism and Imperialism began to spread in Indonesia around the 15th century, starting with the landing of the Portuguese in Malacca and the Dutch led by Cornellis de Houtman in 1596, to find sources of spices and trade.

The Portuguese Resistance

The arrival of the Portuguese to the Malacca Peninsula and to the Maluku Islands was an order from his country to trade

The Minahasa People's Resistance to the Portuguese

The struggle of the Minahasa People's resistance against the Portuguese had been going on from 1512-1560, with the union of tribes in Minahasa then they could drive out the Portuguese. The Portuguese built several defensive fortifications in Minahasa, among them in Amurang and Kema.

Malacca People's Resistance to the Portuguese

In 1511, a Portuguese fleet led by Albuquerque invaded the Kingdom of Malacca. The Portuguese colonial resistance in Malacca which occurred in 1513 failed because of the Portuguese strength and weaponry is stronger. In 1527, the Demak fleet under the leadership of Fatahillah/Phalatehan could control Banten, Coconut Sunda, and Cirebon. The Portuguese fleet could be destroyed by Fatahillah/Falatehan and he later changed the name Sunda Kelapa to Jayakarta which means a great victory, which later became Jakarta.

Acehnese resistance against the Portuguese

From 1554 to 1555, the Portuguese attempt failed because the Portuguese received strong resistance from the people of Aceh. At the time of Sultan Iskandar Muda in power, the Kingdom of Aceh had attacked the Portuguese in Malacca in 1615 and 1629.

The Maluku Resistance to the Portuguese

The Portuguese first landed in Maluku in 1511. The Portuguese arrived in 1513. However, Ternate felt aggrieved by the Portuguese because of his greed in gaining profits through the efforts of the spice trade monopoly.

In 1533, the Sultan of Ternate called on all the people of Maluku to expel the Portuguese in Maluku. In 1570, the people of Ternate led by Sultan Hairun can again fight against the Portuguese, but it can be deceived by the Portuguese until finally killed in Fort Duurstede.Subsequently led by Sultan Baabullah in 1574. The Portuguese were expelled who later settled on the island of Timor.

LIKE VOTE RATE AND TIP