The Inventor
Charles Darwin
He was born right along with Abraham Lincoln. Charles Darwin is best known as the inventor of the theory of organic evolution in the sense of natural selection.
Charles Darwin was a British biologist, ecologist and geologist. His book The Origin of Species became one of the most famous books of the time.
Charles Darwin was born Charles Robert Darwin on February 12, 1809 in England. His father was Robert Darwin and his mother was Susannah Darwin.
In his youth Charles Darwin moved to Cambridge to study office administration. However, hunting and horse riding in Cambridge is much more popular than learning the science.
TAKE EXPEDITIONS
And even so, he was still able to attract the attention of one of his superiors who encouraged him to participate in the investigation cruise on the ship H.M.S. Beagle as a naturalist.
At first his father objected to this appointment. He thought, such a trip was just a pretext for Darwin who was reluctant to take a serious job.
Fortunately, later the father could be persuaded and approve the trip which eventually turned out to be the most valuable journey in the history of European science.
Charles Darwin set sail on the Beagle in 1831. He was only twenty-two years old. During a five-year voyage, the Beagle sailed the world, traversing the coasts of South America at exciting speeds, investigating the remote Galapagos archipelago, encroaching on Pacific islands, in the Indonesian Ocean and in the southern Atlantic Ocean.
In the settlement, Darwin witnessed many natural wonders, visited primitive tribes, discovered a large number of fossils, examined a wide variety of plants and animal species. Furthermore, he made many notes about anything that passed before his eyes.
These records were the basis for almost all of his later work. From these accounts came his main ideas, and his events and experiences became the support of his theories.
TRAVEL BY BEAGLE
The Beagle survey lasted five years. Darwin spent two-thirds of his time on land. He investigated a wide variety of geological appearances, fossils and living organisms, and encountered a wide variety of humans, both indigenous and colonial societies.
He methodically collected a large number of specimens, many of which were new to science. This solidified his reputation as a naturalist and made him one of the pioneers in the field of ecology, especially the understanding of biocoenosis.
His extensive detailed accounts show his gift for building theories and forming the basis for his later work, as well as providing a deep social, political anthropological understanding of the areas he visited.
On the voyage, Darwin read Charles Lyell's book, Principles of Geology (Principles of Geology), which explained the geological appearance as a result of gradual processes over various long periods, and wrote a letter to his family that he witnessed the earth forms “as if he had Lyell” eyes: he saw plains of thin layers (shingles) are steep and shells in Patagonia as the beaches are rising.
In Chile, he experienced an earthquake and recorded the seabed with shells stranded above high tides which showed that the land had ascended; and even in high places in the Andes, it can collect sea shells.
Charles Darwin theorized that coral atolls formed on submerged volcanic mountains, an idea he saw confirmed when the Beagle investigated the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
In South America he found fossils of extinct mammal giants, including megatheria and gliptodon in layers that showed no signs of catastrophic or climate change.
At times he thought they were similar to those in Africa, but after Richard Owen's voyage he showed that the remains were from animals related to living things in the same place. In Argentina two species of rhea have separate but overlapping regions.
ARRIVING AT THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
In the Galapagos Islands Darwin discovered that mockingbirds differed from island to island, and when he returned to Britain he was shown that Galapagos tortoise turtles and finch birds also vary in species depending on each island they inhabit.
Australian marsupial rat kangaroos and platypuses are animals so strange that he thinks “People who don't believe .. might say ‘Pastilah two different Creators have worked’.”
He was perplexed by what he saw, and while in the first edition of The Voyage of the Beagle (Sailing on the Beagle) he explained the distribution of species based on Charles Lyell's idea of “the creation centers”, , in later editions of the Journal, he began to envision the use of the Galapagos Islands fauna as evidence for evolution.
Three native missionaries were returned by the Beagle to Tierra del Fuego. They had been civilised in England for two years, but their relatives in Darwin's eyes looked “liar”, slightly above the animals.
Within a year, the missionaries had returned to their harsh and primitive lives, but they preferred it and did not want to return to the civilized world. Darwin's experience and rejection of slavery and other inhumane treatments he saw elsewhere.
The ill-treatment of the natives by British colonists in Tasmania convinced him that there was no moral justification whatsoever for treating others badly on the basis of the concept of race.
Now he argues that mankind is not too far from animals, in contrast to what his religious friends believe.
While on board, Darwin experienced seasickness. In October 1833 he got a fever in Argentina, and in July 1834, when returning from the Andes mountains to Valparaiso, he fell ill and was forced to stay in bed for a month.
Since 1837 Darwin had been repeatedly suffering from abdominal pain, vomiting, severe ulcers, heart palpitations, trembling and various other symptoms.
All of these symptoms particularly affected him during times of distress, such as attending meetings or dealing with disputes over his theory. The cause of Darwin's disease was unknown in his lifetime, and attempts to treat him were not successful.
Recent speculation has suggested that in South America he was exposed to Chagas disease due to insect bites, which caused a variety of problems later. Other possible causes include psycho-biological problems and Meniere's disease.
CHARLES DARWIN AND THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Darwin visited his family in Shrewsbury and his father developed savings so that Darwin could become a scientist supported with his own funds. Then Darwin went to Cambridge and persuaded Henslow to work on botanical descriptions of the modern plants he had collected.
Afterwards Darwin traveled to institutions in London in search of the best naturalist available to describe his other collections for publication at the right time. Charles Lyell met Darwin on October 29 and introduced him to the rising anatomist Richard Owen.
After working on Darwin's collection of fossil bones at his Royal Society of Surgeons, Owen caused a great surprise by revealing that some of them came from rats and a type of giant creeping animal that had been wiped out. This increased Darwin's reputation.
THE DISCOVERY OF CHARLES DARWIN
With Lyell's enthusiastic support, Darwin presented his first paper to the London Geological Society on 4 January 1837, and said that South American soil was slowly rising. On the same day Darwin presented his examples of mammals and birds to the London Zoological Society.
The mammal was taken by George R. The Waterhouse. Although the birds seem like a recent thought, John Gould, a bird expert revealed that what Darwin thought was “wren”, the blackbirds, and the somewhat different finches of Galapagos are all finches, but each is a different species.
Others on the Beagle, including FitzRoy, had also collected these birds and were more careful with their records, allowing Darwin to discover which island each species came from.
In London Charles lived with his brother, Erasmus, a free thinker. At banquets he encountered a number of savants who argued that God had established his previous life by the laws of nature, rather than by temporary miraculous creations.
His brother's friend, Ms. Harriet Martineau is a writer whose stories promote the reforming of the Malthusian Whig Law of the Poor. Scientific circles are excited by ideas about the transmutation of species that are controversially associated with radical upheaval.
Darwin preferred his esteemed friends, the Cambridge professors, although his ideas went beyond their belief that natural history should justify religion and social order.
On February 17, 1837, Lyell used his presidential address at the Geographical Society to present Owen's findings to date Darwin's fossils, and shows the inference that the species of the animals that have been pu well are related to the species of those that exist now in the same place.
At the same meeting Darwin was elected to the Council of the Society. He had been invited by FitzRoy to contribute a paper in the Journal based on his field records as part of natural history about the captain's report of the Beagle voyage.
Now he is immersed in writing a book about South American geology. At the same time he speculated about the transmutation in his Red Notebook which he began on the Beagle.
THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY DARWIN
Another project that began to get expert reports about his collection published as a series of publications Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (Zoology of the H.M.S Cruise. Beagle), and Henslow used his contacts to arrange a grant of £1,000 from the Treasury to sponsor him.
Darwin finished writing his Journal around June 20 when King William IV died and the Victorian era began. In mid-July he began his secret “B” notebook on transmutation, and developed the hypothesis that each island of the Galapagos Islands had its own type of turtle.
All of these come from a single species of tortoise and have adapted to different islands in different ways.
CHARLES DARWIN'S THEORY
The conclusion of Darwin's theory is that living things evolved due to natural selection. Darwin also believed that humans evolved from apes and believed that apes were the ancestors of humans.
But worthy of note, Darwin's theory was formulated without the backing of any genetic theory or even he did not know about the knowledge. In Darwin's time, no one understood the specifics of what the next generation was.
Although Gregor Mendel was completing the laws of heredity in the years that Darwin wrote and published his book that made history.
Mendel's work that supported Darwin's theory was so perfect, Mendel almost completely ignored people until 1900, when Darwin's theory was so well established and steady.
So, our modern understanding of evolution – which is a combination of hereditary genetic science with natural selection law– is more complete than the theory proposed by Darwin.
Darwin's influence on human thought. In terms of pure science, of course, he has done a revolutionary act on all aspects of biology.
Natural selection really has a very broad and fundamental principle, and various experiments have been carried out in various fields - such as anthropology, sociology, political science and economics.
Perhaps even Darwin's influence was more important to religious thought than to science or sociology.
In Darwin's time and many years thereafter, many faithful Christians believed that accepting Darwin's theory meant lowering the degree of belief in religion.
Their concerns may have a basis even though there are clearly many other factors that become due to the fastness of religious belief. (Darwin himself became a secularist).
Even on secular grounds, darwin's theory led to major changes in the way humans thought about their world (the human race seems to be) as a whole no longer occupy a central position in the natural scheme of things as they once did akukan.
Now we have to look at ourselves as just one part of many creatures and we recognize the possibility that once the tempo will be shifted. As a result of the results of Darwin's investigation, Heraclitus's view said, “Nothing is permanent unless the change” becomes more widely accepted.
The success of the theory of evolution as a general explanation of human origins has further cemented the belief in the ability of science to answer all questions of the physical world (although not all human and human problems). Darwin term, “The strong beat the weak” and “Sovereignty to life” has entered into our dictionary part.
Indeed, Darwin's theory will be explained also even though Darwin never lived in the world. Moreover, measured from what Wallace has produced, this is very containing the truth, more than anyone listed in this book list. However, it is the writings of Darwin that have revolutionized biology and anthropology and it is he who has changed our view of the position of man in the world.
